A detailed report in The Wall Street Journal said Google had paid for hundreds of research papers over the last 10 years, to build public opinion against regulatory changes that would affect its market dominance.

Google was recently fined €2.42 billion (US$2.7 billion, A$3.64 billion) by the European Union for allegedly abusing its search engine dominance to give illegal advantage to its own comparison shopping service.

And there have been reports that it may face another fine over how it pays and limits mobile phone providers who use its Android mobile operating system and app store.

The professors in question did not always disclose that they had been paid by Google; this was also the case in later papers on the same or similar topics.

One case that the WSJ cited was that of Paul Heald, a law professor from the University of Illinois, who suggested a research paper on copyrights that he thought would assist Google. He received US$18,830 to fund his work which did not mention his sponsor when it was published in 2012.

When asked about the lack of admission, he claimed it was due to oversight. Heald claimed that the money did not influence his work, claiming that Google had told him: "If you take this US$20,000 and open up a doughnut shop with it — we’ll never give you any more money — but that’s fine.”

The WSJ said a former Google lobbyist and a former employee had said that Google drew up wishlists of proposed papers that included working titles, abstracts and budgets and searched for authors who were willing to write them.

The company told the newspaper: "Ever since Google was born out of Stanford’s Computer Science department, we've maintained strong relations with universities and research institutes, and have always valued their independence and integrity.

"We’re happy to support academic researchers across computer science and policy topics, including copyright, free expression and surveillance, and to help amplify voices that support the principles of an open Internet."

The WSJ said that Google had paid for about 100 papers on public policy, most of which mentioned the funding. Another 100-odd papers were funded by think-tanks or research bodies founded by Google and other technology companies and these did not disclose the source of their funding.