The Government has offered Australia's three mobile operators, and vividwireless, renewal of their existing spectrum allocated on 15 year licences in the late 90s and early 2000s at set prices, while the Government expects to rake in $3 billion.
Its authors are Chad J. Reissig, Eric C. Strain, and Roland R.
Griffiths, all from the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences or the Department of Neuroscience, at The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
The abstract to their paper states, “Since the introduction of
Red Bull in Austria in 1987 and in the United States in 1997, the
energy drink market has grown exponentially. Hundreds of different
brands are now marketed, with caffeine content ranging from a modest 50
mg to an alarming 505 mg per can or bottle.”
“Regulation of energy drinks, including content labeling and health
warnings differs across countries, with some of the most lax regulatory
requirements in the U.S. The absence of regulatory oversight has
resulted in aggressive marketing of energy drinks, targeted primarily
toward young males, for psychoactive, performance-enhancing and
stimulant drug effects.”
And, continuing, “There are increasing reports of caffeine
intoxication from energy drinks, and it seems likely that problems with
caffeine dependence and withdrawal will also increase. In children and
adolescents who are not habitual caffeine users, vulnerability to
caffeine intoxication may be markedly increased due to an absence of
pharmacological tolerance. Genetic factors may also contribute to an
individual's vulnerability to caffeine-related disorders including
caffeine intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal.”
“The combined use of caffeine and alcohol is increasing sharply, and
studies suggest that such combined use may increase the rate of
alcohol-related injury. Several studies suggest that energy drinks may
serve as a gateway to other forms of drug dependence. Regulatory
implications concerning labeling and advertising, and the clinical
implications for children and adolescents are discussed.”
David Bass
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